Författararkiv: Daniel Mårtensson

STANDBY: ATT DELTA ELLER INTE DELTA, DET ÄR FRÅGAN.

Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka och bidra till en djupare förståelse kring hur unga kvinnor resonerar kring politiskt deltagande online.

Teori: Actualizing Citizen/Dutiful Citizen, Standby Citizen

Metod: Kvalitativa fokusgruppsintervjuer

Material: Studiens material utgörs av transkriberingar från två fokusgruppsintervjuer med sammanlagt 6 deltagare i åldrarna 23-26 år.

Resultat: Studien visar att de unga politiskt intresserade kvinnliga deltagarna resonerar att de föredrog att diskutera politik genom fysiska samtal offline med närstående. Deltagarna kunde även tänka sig att diskutera politik online om kontexten var privat eller semi-privat. Om deltagarna skulle diskutera med främlingar däremot ansåg de offline-kontexter som mer lämpliga. Detta då politiska debatter online resonerade de utgör publika kontexter vilka bryter ner deras sociala och politiska sammanhang – vilket gör att de riskerar att stöta sig med andra i sina sociala nätverk eller missförstås. Deltagarna resonerar även att de ansåg olika politiska frågor som mer eller mindre lämpliga att diskuteras i olika kontexter online och offline. Politiska frågor av en mer komplex natur ansågs lämpligare att diskutera offline. Enklare frågor som deltagarna hade egna erfarenheter av ansågs däremot fungera att diskutera online. Det framkom även under studien att deltagarna både resonerade att politiska debatter online var befattade med möjligheter och risker. De möjligheter som framhölls var i form av en teknisk jämlikhet, då användare oberoende av kön kan delta, sprida sitt budskap och få uppbackning av likasinnade. Riskerna beskrevs utgöras av ett konfliktfyllt debattklimat med risk för kränkningar, samt med olika villkor för män och kvinnor att delta. Dessa risker uppgav deltagarna fick dem att avvakta eller välja att inte delta i politiska debatter online. Då debattklimatet ansågs vara hårt resonerade deltagarna att det krävdes vissa förutsättningar för att de skulle vara benägna att delta. Engagemangsformen behövde dels upplevas som äkta och effektiv, dels behövde det politiska debattklimatet vara tillåtande och tryggt. Deltagarna uppgav även att de i större grad skulle vara villiga att engagera sig om de kunde delta på samma villkor, det vill säga utan risk för personpåhopp. Slutligen framhöll de att var mer benägna att engagera sig om den politiska frågan hade en personlig koppling, det vill säga en relationellt eller geografiskt nära koppling.

KRIGSJOURNALISTIK: SLOVENIENS SJÄLVSTÄNDIGHET

Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att ta reda på hur Svenska Dagbladet och New York Times framställde tiodagarskriget

Teori: Representation, Gestaltningsteorin

Metod: Kvalitativ innehållsanalys

Resultat: Framställningen av tiodagarskriget är snarlika. New York Times engagerade sig dock mer i kriget då tidningen skrev flest artiklar och hade fler utrikeskorrespondenter. Den största markanta skillnaden i Svenska Dagbladets och New York Times rapporteringen är alltså mängden av textinnehåll och bilder. Den andra skillnaden är att New York Times använder sig av bilder på döda människor i sin krigsjournalistik medans Svenska Dagbladet inte gör det. Den tredje skillnaden är att New York Times skriver sina egna artiklar medans Svenska Dagbladet använder sig ibland utav TT-artiklar.

It’s a man’s world

Syfte: Studiens syfte ämnar att skapa en djupare förståelse för hur maskulinitet konstrueras samt reproduceras.

Teori: Vår referensram utgår ifrån Connells Hegemoniska maskulinitet, Hirdmans Genusteori, Socialisation, Social Identitet, Maskulin homosocialitet

Metod: En kvalitativ semiotisk bildanalys innehållande sju kända svenska profilers Instagramkonton.

Material: Vi har använt oss av sju profilers Instagramkonton, därtill innehåller studien även en bilaga i form av ett analysschema.

Resultat: Resultatet har visat att majoriteten av profilerna visar på ett heteronormativt maskulint beteende. Detta bekräftas genom analyser på kroppsspråk, vinklar och bilder som fokuserar på framgång samt den heteronormativa relationen. Vi kan även se att alla profiler bryter den heteronormativa normen genom att exempelvis uppvisa sentimentala inlägg som påvisar en känsligare sida alternativt genom att driva med den stereotypiska normen genom humor. Vi kan därmed se spår av en ny och mer accepterande modern maskulinitet där man vågar ta ett steg åt sidan och bryta mot samhällets normer genom att visa upp detta på sina sociala medier.

Fit med sociala medier

Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka hur unga kvinnor som tränar använder sociala medier, samt hur användningen påverkar deras tränings- och hälsouppfattningar.

Teori: Digital deltagarkultur, tvåstegshypotesen, cultural studies

Metod: Kvalitativ intervjustudie
10 kvalitativa intervjuer

Resultat: Studiens huvudsakliga resultat visar att användningen av sociala medier i relation till träning och hälsa har både positiva och negativa konsekvenser. De positiva aspekterna handlar om att sociala medier utgör en källa för inspiration till träning och hälsa, samt ett sätt att delta i en gemenskap med andra personer som tränar. De negativa aspekterna inkluderar tränings- och hälsoappar som främjar extrema metoder för träning och hälsa, samt att influencers och träningsprofiler på Instagram uppfattas förmedla en skev bild av en livsstil där träning och hälsa står i fokus. Flera intervjupersoner menar att de negativa aspekterna har varit en bidragande faktor till att de tidigare i livet haft perioder där deras relation till träning och kost har varit ansträngd. Flera intervjupersoner upplever också att deras syn på vad en hälsosam livsstil är påverkas av hur träning och hälsa porträtteras i sociala medier.

Det otillgängliga klimathotet?

The purpose of this study is to analyse the effects of personalization in media, specifically media covering climate change. Personalization in media is a widely spread journalistic norm, yet it is not without some criticism from the academic world. Climate change is said to be one of our generation’s toughest battles, and thus one of the greatest news stories. With political leaders, international corporations and organisations finding ways to tackle the issue – the journalistic sector should do the same.

Media covering the climate change today is, in our opinion, dominated by scholars, politicians and NGOs. Which is also supported by studies of swedish and american media. In this study we want to research if this it the right way when engaging the public in the issue. Our frame of analysis and the aim of our study is the aspects of public interest; does personalization have an effect on the public interest of climate change issues? And issue importance; does personalization have an effect on the public’s perceived issue importance of climate change issues? The following question is if different groups of the public are affected differently.

We have conducted an experimental survey analysis in which we have given two different groups of responders, different stimulus. One with an article about climate change without a personalized case; and the other with an article about climate change which contained a personalized case. The content of analysis is the responders answers to questions following the stimuli. The questions was of different characters; mapping different characters of the responders, establishing index for issue importance and interest, and control questions to establish cause for the result. Each survey got 129 responses with responders from different demographic groups.

Our result showed that personalization has little effect on the public as a group. It had, however, some effect on specific demographic groups, specifically regarding the aspect of perceived issue importance. In the response group who received the non-personalized article, there was high correlation between issue importance, and gender, education, age and perceived knowledge and preexisting interest of the climate change issue. However this correlation did not exist in said demographic groups in the other group of responders, with the personalized article.

This tells us that the article without the personalized case was less accessible. However the personalized article also had some negative effects on, among others, women, highly educated and on the ones who previously stated high knowledge.

“Den glade lille killen med bångstyrig lugg”

The intention of this analysis has been to investigate how two missing 12-year old boys, Dante and Mahmoud, and their disappearance are portrayed in news articles in the four largest daily newspapers in Sweden; Aftonbladet, Expressen, Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet. Another intention was to analyze the amount of articles about each case, in the same newspapers.

The material that was analyzed consists of 64 articles, 16 of them covering Mahmoud and his disappearance, and 48 covering Dante and his disappearance. The material that was selected to the analysis is news articles published in the four newspapers during the two first weeks after each boy had disappeared. The articles written about Dante were published during November 2018, and the articles about Mahmoud in August 2019.

Theories about representation and framing of racial minorities and people with intellectual disabilities in news media have been used to guide the analysis, and to draw conclusions. To establish a schedule for the analysis, Robert Entman’s theories on framing and his article Framing, Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm were used. Each article was analyzed with the same questions and frames, based on Entman’s framing theories.

The results of the analysis show that Dante and his disappearance was covered by the newspapers with more frequency and a significantly larger quantity than Mahmoud’s. The results also show that Dante is more frequently framed in a way to stir emotions in the reader than Mahmoud. Another major difference is the reporters way of describing the boys and the cases with their own words. In Mahmoud’s case, the reporters tend to be more objective, and do not use emotionally charged words. In the reporting on Dante on the other hand, they are more subjective, and frequently use words of a more emotional character.

Är man någonsin för gammal för att synas i media?

The purpose of this study is to examine age and the representation of elderly in Gothenburg’s major local newspaper, Göteborgs-Posten. This is studied through quantitative and qualitative analyses of 14 editions of the newspaper (995 articles) in the spring of 2019 where factors such as age, gender, topic, and role played by the subject of the article were analyzed.

The study uses different theories to further understand and analyze the material. For example theories about diversity, representation, and agenda-setting. These theories help explain what news are, how and why some news stories are chosen over others, and how different types of mediums, such as text and pictures, can affect the way people are perceived. There is little previous research in the subject, ageism in media, but the few studies that there are have shown that elderly usually are very underrepresented in the media. The questions at issue are: which ages are present in Göteborgs-Posten? In which context are elderly present and what kind of role are they playing? How are elderly described in the articles? This study adds to the existing research and contributes to the more specific subject area, ageism in media.

The results of the analyses show that elderly are underrepresented in the Göteborgs-Posten, but that they have increased in visibility in the media since previous research. From 5 to 10 percent to 12 percent. The arenas in which elderly are more prone to be a part of are international and entertainment news. This could be due to many political leaders and other types of leaders from other cultures being older. The results also showed that the majority of the subjects of the articles were men, and the topic most written about generally is sport. From the qualitative analysis, it was found that most articles about elderly were neutral and did generally not use negative words to describe them. The most used descriptive word was ‘successful’, but other words like ‘stubborn’, ‘aged’ and ‘understanding’ were also used.

The conclusion made is that elderly are still underrepresented in the media, but that, generally speaking, the subjects were described in a positive or a neutral way. Most of the subject were public figures (~39 percent), which means that if you are older than 65, you are much more interesting to the media, and likely to be present in the newspaper, if you are famous.

Var läste du det?

Purpose: The purpose of the study is to investigate why people use social media to consume news. Through in-depth interviews with five different groups consisting of people in the same life situations, the group’s consuming of
news on social media is examined in different contexts, as well as similarities and differences between the different groups.

Method: Qualitative in-depth interviews with five different groups consisting of people in the same life situation.

Procedure: Five interviews with groups containing people in the same life situation,
were transcribed and analyzed using Marc Prensky’s perspective and the theory of uses and gratification. The study builds on the core concepts motivation, situation, individual and structure, which are linked to uses and gratification.

Results: The results of the study shows that the younger audience tend to use social
media for consuming news to a greater extent than the older audience. Also, the older audience seem to be more sensitive in terms of “screen time”. On the contrary, the younger interviewees turned out to use their phones and social media for the majority of their consumption of news. What turned out to be the main reason to active use of social media was, among other things, interests and life situation. However, the use of news on social media is more passive than it is active. The analysis shows that news consuming on social media allways can be explained by the four core concepts of uses and gratification.

SWISHA EN MISSNÖJD KRITIKER

The purpose of this study is to acquire knowledge about how professional theater critics in traditional Swedish newspaper write. The aim is to investigate how critics write their reviews and if there are differences because of gender or cultural capital. We also have the ambition to seek a commonly language in the reviews.

The profession as a critic is diffuse due to lack of education in the area. The study has been performed by a qualitative method where we analyzed sixteen reviews and four theatre critics at four different newspapers: Dagens Nyheter, Göteborgs Posten, Borås Tidning and Kristianstadsbladet. These four newspapers have been chosen since our intention is to reach a geographical spread.

The purpose is to investigate if there is a difference in the way the critics write their reviews due to education or long experience in the sphere. Our theoretical framework is mostly Pierre Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital, but we also use the theory of Doing gender.

The study has been performed with a gender perspective where we also investigated if there is a difference in how female and male critics write their reviews. Do the reviews have masculine or feminine attributes? Can we find significance by gender?

The findings of the study show that there is a difference in the way theater critics write their reviews. These differences had more to do with cultural capital rather than gender. The qualitative method showed that the critics with higher cultural capital write their reviews with more attitude, better arguments and more adjectives.

The analyzed results also showed similarities as established patterns in the way that the reviewers write. All reviews had arguments characterized by logos and pathos which became a preponderance and it was clear early in the review whether the critic liked the performance or not. Another similarity is the fact that the reviewers showed awareness by mentioning several parts of the theater performance. Not only did the reviewers mention the actors and the director, they also included parts like the music and costume.

Vem får göra vad på “Sporten”?

The purpose of this study was to investigate the representation in physical space of female sportswriters over a period of five years in the printed sports supplement of the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet. We also investigated if women tend to write more about women and if men tend to write more about men. Add to that if there were any sports that women or men tended to cover more than the other gender. And if there was any changes to this over the period of five years. To achieve this, a content analysis were made on 30 newspapers from the years 2014 and 2019.

The theories we used to analyze: homosocial reproduction, Melin-Higgins theories about survival at a newsdesk, the logic of gender with Hirdmans theories of the system of gender, van Zoonens theories about gender, the selection of news and the commercialization of the sport pages.

The results showed there were a connection between the gender of the journalist and the gender of the athlete. In 2014, 14% of the articles women wrote in Sportbladet were about a female athlete/team. But in 2019 that number was 41%. This shows that there is more articles about women in sports and more likely for women to write about that. There were also an higher percentage of articles by women in 2019 than 2014. The physical space for women was less, but the articles tend to be more on the pages that were in the beginning of the newspaper in 2019 when compared to 2014.

Regarding gender, we came to conclusion that in 2019 there is more articles about women athletes and teams compared to 2014. An addition to this is that women tend to write more about women and men tend to write more about men in the printed sports supplement of the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet.