This study is a media analysis of the representation of adolescents in Swedish news media, undertaken during the spring 2017.
Theories about diversity and representation state that the media should reflect different groups of the society. As one of these groups young people have a right to be represented in the media. However, the idea is complex since they are at the same time considered a group that needs protection from harmful portraying.
The aim of this study is to examine the coverage of adolescents in the news content of the five largest newspapers in Sweden: Dagens Nyheter, Aftonbladet, Svenska Dagbladet, Expressen and Göteborgs-Posten. The study aims to find out how often underage teenagers (13-17 years) occur, in what context and how the image of adolescents is constructed in the material. This study was carried out using a quantitative content analysis and consisted of 1789 articles. These were published in the newspapers news content during 14 randomized days during the period January 31-April 2. To guide the study and analyze its results theories mainly about diversity, representation and news value have been used.
The results show that underage teenagers occur in 62 articles or 3.5 % of the material, while the group constitutes about 5.5 % of Sweden’s population. When they do occur they are rarely quoted or pictured. Out of the 62 articles where an adolescent occur they speak in 15 and appear in photos in 12 – making them fairly quiet and invisible. Of the entire material where we can expect at least one person being quoted underage teenagers are being quoted in 1.5 %. Looking at the context where adolescents are being portrayed, 64.5 % or 40 of 62 articles are news about crime and violence. Comparing to the entire material where crime and violence constitutes 25.5 % of the articles one can conclude that the group is overrepresented in the crime category. Most of the adolescents portrayed are either perpetrators or victims of crimes. The majority is men. The results show that the diversity of the group is lacking; the individuals are rarely attributed another sex than male or female, and there is little or no diversity when it comes to sexuality, religion or disability. The idea of diversity however is in direct conflict with the idea of the ethics of the press. Those guidelines suggest that these attributes should not be emphasized at all if it has no significance to the news story.
Key words: adolescence, teenagers, representation, diversity
Nyckelord: ungdom, tonåringar, representation, mångfald

The purpose of this study is to acquire knowledge of how much and in what way women, compared to men, are portrayed in Swedish self-produced conflict reporting. The aim is to investigate the quantitative representation of the sexes and to conclude to what extent men and women get to play
leading, subordinated or minor parts, and to what extent they get portrayed with stereotypical masculine and feminine attributes. This has been achieved by performing a quantitative content analysis on 334 articles and segments from Swedish press, radio and TV during the years 2011 to 2016. The dates were chosen by a simple random sample in order to form six weeks, seven days each per year since the Arab spring broke out in 2011. This specific period of time allowed us to get results that are representative of the global situation of today.
The study has been performed with a gender perspective. The questions asked to our empirical material, and the operationalization of the masculine and feminine attributes, have been formed on the basis of theories established mainly by gender researchers Cynthia Enloe, Monica Löfgren
Nilsson and Liesbet van Zoonen. This theoretical framework has allowed us to understand and analyze whether and to which extent the active, passive, hard and soft attributes are given to men or women in Swedish conflict reporting.
The findings of the study show that women in general are represented to a much less extent than men in Swedish conflict reporting. Men represent the absolute majority in all contexts investigated.
Only two out of ten people in the study’s empirical material were women. Looking exclusively at visual content, women are represented slightly more but the gender balance remains approximately the same. The study also concluded that women are scarce in expert roles and leading parts.
The results of the study confirm earlier research on conflict reporting both in Sweden and other countries, by showing that women are in the minority, are portrayed as victims and often only are present as a male appendage. Men appear more often in the empirical material with military focus,
and women more often with civilian focus. These analyzed results follow the established patterns of the study’s theoretical framework. Men are in the absolute majority regarding active roles and hard attributes, and women are, compared to men, more frequently portrayed in passive roles with
soft attributes.
Key words
Conflict reporting, women in conflict reporting, news subjects, gender, gender roles, masculine
and feminine attributes, gender representation, quantitative content analysis
Nyckelord
Konfliktrapportering, kvinnor i konfliktrapportering, nyhetssubjekt, genus, könsroller, maskulina
och feminina attribut, könsrepresentation, kvantitativ innehållsanalys

During the last decades, the Swedish newspaper industry has seen a decline in circulation and ad revenues. Most of the Swedish daily newspapers are present online, and has been since the middle of the 1990s. The general situation has been that the news offered online are free to read, and as a result, daily newspapers have relied on ad revenues to fund their presence online. With the rise of major players on the online ad market, such as Google and Facebook, the newspapers in Sweden have been faced with a new problem when it comes to making their online presence profitable. A solution to the problem, brought forth by the daily newspapers, has been to implement paywalls on their online news sites.
This study examines the general situation for Swedish daily newspapers when it comes to paywalls. By using a quantitative method, the study examines the occurrence of paywalls on Swedish daily newspapers, as well as examining what kind of paywalls the Swedish daily newspapers use. Furthermore, the study tries to seek out the incentives that the Swedish daily newspapers have when it comes to implementing a paywall, as well as examining the reasons for choosing a specific type of paywall. This is done by using a qualitative method in the form of semi structured interviews with representatives from five Swedish media groups.
Our study shows that around two thirds of the Swedish daily newspapers already have some kind of paywall implemented on their online news sites, and that the most common type of paywall is the soft paywall. The results from our study also show that the type of paywall that an online newspaper uses, seem to be dependent on what news group the newspaper is a part of, and if one publication in a newsgroup uses a certain type of paywall, the rest of the publications in the news group are likely to use the same type. Furthermore, the study shows that several of the daily newspapers without some form of paywall, are going to be implementing one in the near future.
The main reason for implementing a paywall seems to be a general opinion amongst the media groups, which argues that the newspapers need more than just one source of revenue in order for them to be financially viable.
Keywords: Paywall, Swedish newspapers, Digital revenue, Digital subscriptions, Online news, Paid content

The aim of this study is to make an initial attempt at investigating how conversations between men and women are structured in Swedish podcasts. More specifically, it uses Conversation Analysis to investigate how gender roles are recreated in podcasts as a new media format.
This is done by looking at how the word is distributed in terms of speaking time, share of lines and share of interruptions. It is also done by looking at how men and women approach different conversation topics.
The material used in this case study is a transcript of one episode of well-known Swedish food podcast Eat This! which is hosted by one female and one male. By analysing the transcript both quantitatively and qualitatively, we found that the conversation structure in our case study simultaneously recreated and strayed away from the gender roles found in our selection of literature. In terms of how the two hosts divided the conversational space, there were infinitesimal differences between the female and male host. This deviates from how a mixed-sex conversation is usually organized, in the way that the man commonly takes up
more time and space. However, in regards to how the different hosts approached different conversation topics, gender roles were re-established. The woman took on a more personal, intimate viewpoint when discussing a subject while the man had a more distanced and status-inclined way of addressing different topics. In conclusion, the study shows that while
gender roles are reaffirmed in the podcast format, the medium can serve as a space where new types of conversations and voices are allowed to take place.
Key words: Conversation Analysis, Podcast, Gender, Gender Roles, Conversational
structure, Lifestyle Journalism, Media, Medium.
1

Title: ”Hon har inte alla besticken i lådan” – En kritisk diskursanalys av hur kvinnliga respektive manliga mördare framställs i Veckans Brott
Author: Sofie Furusäter & Mikaela Söderberg
Subject: Undergraduate research paper in Journalism studies, Dept. Of Journalism, media and communication (JMG) Gothenburg University
Term: Spring 2017
Supervisor: Marina Ghersetti, JMG Gothenburg
Pages/words: 38/15648, excluding appendix and reference-list
Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine how the Swedish television program Veckans Brott portraits female and male murderers.
Method: Critical Discourse Analysis
Procedure: 10 cases (within 14 episodes) were analyzed through Critical discourse analysis.
Results: Our analysis show some differences between the portrayal of the male and female offenders in the Swedish television program Veckans Brott.
Key words: Crime, gender, media, murderer, Veckans Brott, narratology, discourse
analysis, norm
Nyckelord: Brottslighet, genus, medier, mördare, Veckans Brott, narratologi,
diskursanalys, norm

In January of 2017 Martin Kragh and Sebastian Åsberg published a research article titled “Russia’s strategy for influence through public diplomacy and active measures: the Swedish case”. One of the main theses of the research article was that the cultural pages of Swedish tabloid Aftonbladet repeatedly uses narratives from Russian government operated news agency Sputnik, often accused of being a Russian propaganda outlet. Aftonbladet Kultur resented the accusation and a Swedish researcher pointed out methodological flaws in the article, flaws
Martin Kragh later warded off.
One of the dominant themes Kragh and Åsberg found in the articles in Sputnik was that of a “positive image of Russia”. We argue that if Aftonbladet Kultur were to use narratives from Sputnik and thereby spread Russian propaganda, one would be able to detect a positive image of Russia in their reporting. The purpose of this study is to determine whether Martin Kragh and Sebastian Åsbergs accusations against Aftonbladet Kultur are legitimate.
In this bachelor thesis we examine whether Aftonbladet Kultur are spreading a positive image of Russia. The method used is qualitative comparative text analysis and the theories taken into consideration are framing theory, attribution theory and Karen Phalet and Edwin Poppe´s theory of evaluation of national stereotypes through competence and morality. By looking at the
overall image of Russia presented in Aftonbladet Kultur and also comparing it to the cultural pages of the other major Swedish tabloid, Expressen, we seek to determine whether the image presented in Aftonbladet Kultur is unreasonably positive.
The main findings in this study are that the image of Russia presented in the cultural pages of both tabloids is negative. There are small differences between the two cultural pages, one of them being the way they explain negative Russian actions. Aftonbladet Kultur are more likely to explain negative behaviour with external factors like outside pressure, while Expressen Kultur explain nearly every negative action with internal factors like the temper or underlying motives of the Russians. Also Aftonbladet Kultur are less likely to paint the picture of Russia as a threat than Expressen Kultur are. In both cultural pages Russia’s morality is described as low whereas their competence in Expressen Kultur most often is described as high and in Aftonbladet Kultur described as somewhat lower. With the differences being small we find that Aftonbladet Kultur are not spreading a positive image of Russia in the articles studied.
Keywords: Russia, Putin, Framing, Attribution, Aftonbladet Kultur, Expressen Kultur