The purpose of this study was to investigate why Swedish sports journalists choose to report more about male sport than female sport. Studies have shown that the news selection in sports journalism is dominated by male sport and we found that this subject hadn’t been covered from a Swedish perspective. The aim of this study was therefore to map and specify the reasons behind the male dominated news selection in Swedish sports journalism. To achieve this, we created a survey that was sent out to eight Swedish sport publications. After receiving a total of 56 responses we started analyzing them through four determinants: the control fields, the environment at the newsdesk, gender and gatekeeping. The theories we used to analyze were: the theory about the control fields, Melin-Higgins theories about survival at a newsdesk and the gatekeeping theory.

The results showed that the control field of interest are a possible determinant in Swedish sports journalists news selection. A majority of the respondents answered that they weigh in their public’s interest in the news selection and that they find their public’s interest as male dominated. Here we also found that journalist at a commercial newsdesk rates the control field of interest as more important compared to the journalists at a non-commercial newsdesk.

Regarding gender as a determinant we came to the conclusion that the male sports journalist’s covers male sport in a larger scale than female sports journalist. The female respondents also answered that they find it more prestigious to cover male sport.

These were the only determinants we found relevant based on the results. Both the environment at the newsdesk and gatekeeping appeared to be irrelevant as determinants in our study.

Considering the results, we found that the control field of interest and gender appears to be two reasons behind the male dominated news selection in Swedish sports journalism.

The media and the way that media communicate with its readers have changed drastically over the last few decades. New technology has made it easier for readers and journalists to communicate with each other through social media and comment sections.

In this study we explore how the commentary sections live up to the criteria of deliberative democracy on Aftonbladets Facebook page. And specifically, as pointed out by researchers, the two most important criteria: rationality and objectivity. The purpose of the study is to see if the deliberative discussions maintain a high quality in the comment sections.

To do so we analyzed 3207 comments on Aftonbladets Facebook page on 140 uploaded articles, with different subjects such as sports, politics, migration etc. And the result showed us that the comments met the requirements for objectivity. It also showed us that the comments did not meet the requirements for rationality.

To further understand why the comments did or did not meet the requirements we decided to factor in gender, the subject of the article and the dispersion of the post in the equation to see if it plays a part on the outcome of the result. According to the result those factors do not play a part in whether the requirements are met or not. The only slight difference was between men and women when studying what their comments were about. Men tend to comment more about other comments/commentators and women tend to comment about the content in the news article.

We came to the conclusion that the requirements for objectivity might be slightly easier to achieve, since they don’t demand a lot from the commentator. While rationality may be harder to achieve because of the higher demands, since being rational requires thinking and logic.
We would also have liked to study other factors, such as: if the commentators were Swedish born/foreign born and also the commentators level of education. But these two factors are far more comprehensive and require a lot more time to study, which we did not have.

The intention of this analysis has been to investigate how the so called refugee crisis in the fall of 2015 was framed in news photos, in Swedish print media. Within this question at issue, the analysis has aspired to discover possible differences between the selected newspapers, and between different time periods during the fall of 2015. The end results are interpreted through the theories of framing, news values and orientalism.

The material that was analyzed consists of 218 news photos in Aftonbladet, and 254 news photos in Dagens Nyheter. Headlines, captions and preambles has also been included in the analysis, in order to interpret the photos from the perspective of the average reader.

The first step was to make a quantitative analysis of the total content. After analyzing the results, four typical cases were identified. These four news photos were then analyzed in depth, using the method of semiotic analysis. Accordingly, this analysis has taken both qualitative and quantitative factors into consideration.

The results show that refugees were the most common subject appearing in the photos, and politicians were the second most common. With this in mind, two issue specific framings could be identified in the analyzed material. The first one is referred to as “the framing of the otherness”, and the second one is called the “politician in professional context-frame”. In addition to this, several general framings were identified, such as the human interest frame, and the responsibility frame. Worth mentioning is that the latter of the two was more common in Aftonbladet than in Dagens Nyheter. The results also show that the attitude towards refugees in the content mostly was positive, but as time went by, it became more neutral. The attitude towards the refugee situation, however, was negative during all of the three months, but tended to be less negative in September.

One conclusion drawn, besides the framings mentioned above, is that refugees themselves has been the ones putting a face to the general situation. Previous research on journalistic text, radio and tv in Sweden during the refugee crisis has shown that refugees hasn’t been the most common main actor in the news. This suggests that refugees have been visible, but not as audible, in the Swedish news coverage of the events. The results points towards a few differences between the newspapers, but in some cases they were very similar to one another. For example regarding the attitude towards refugees and the refugee situation. Some general differences between the three months also was detected. In September, the attitude towards refugees tended to be more positive, which coincided with a more frequent news reporting, particularly in Aftonbladet.

This study is a content analysis of the Swedish news media reporting of the milk crisis during the years 2014 to 2016. The aim with this study is to examine how the milk crisis was reported in the five largest newspapers and the five largest local newspapers within the countys with the highest cow density. The five largest newspapers were Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet, Göteborgs-Posten, Dagens Industri and Sydsvenskan. The local newspaper were Hallandsposten, Barometern, Kristianstadsbladet, Vestmanlands Läns Tidning and Östgöta Correspondenten.

The study aims to find out how often the newspapers reported about the milk crisis, how much space the crisis received, how the crisis was framed and which participants that dominated. To succeed with this aim four questions were constructed.

1. How often was the milk crisis reported about and how much space did the phenomenon receive?
2. How was the milk crisis framed?
3. Which participants dominated the milk crisis?
4. How were the dairy farmers described?

The aim and questions have been answered using a quantitative content analysis together with theories about news selection, agenda setting, news frame and framing. Earlier research have also been used to support the result of the study, mainly the rural research. There was a total selection made of the articles during the time period 2014 to 2016 in the selected newspapers that contained the words “milk crisis”, “the milk crisis” or “milk + crisis”. The total material was 189 articles.

The result shows that the newspaper wrote the most about the milk crisis during 2015. Of all the articles 57 % were portrayed negative, with the peak from july to december 2015. The articles did not use cases often, only in 24 % of the articles. When the articles did use cases the majority was dairy farmers. The local newspapers used dairy farmers more frequently than the largest newspapers. The results shows that the most occuring participant was organizations and companies, both for the local newspapers and the largest newspapers.
They occured in 63 % of the articles. However, the politicians received the most space in the articles through quotes and references despite the fact that they did not occur as often. It also shows that the majority of the headlines did not mention the dairy farmers at all. In the introduction and body of text the local newspapers wrote dairy farmers more frequently than the largest newspapers while the largest newspapers wrote farmer more frequently.

This bachelor essay seeks to examine the frequency of opinion journalism in the sport pages of the Swedish evening paper Aftonbladet. During the period that is examined these sport pages become an own annex and is then called Sportbladet.
It is based on five issues:

• Has the frequency of opinion journalism changed in the sport pages of Aftonbladet/Sportbladet in comparison to the non-opinion journalism? And if so, how?
• Has the launch of Sportbladet as an own annex, in May 2000, affected the frequency of opinion journalism in comparison to the non-opinion journalism? And if so, how?
• Has personalization increased in the sport pages of Aftonbladet/Sportbladet?
• Have there been any changes regarding which sports opinion journalism within sport takes up? And if so, which ones?
• Have there been any changes regarding which subjects opinion journalism within sport takes up? And if so, which ones?

Former research shows personalization, commercialization and digitizing affects journalism in different ways. Increased commercialization makes private media companies aim for economic gain bigger. That in turn has an impact on the content. For example different journalists can be used in the marketing of the paper. The readers can get favorites among the writers. This interrelates with the personalization. Which subjects that are written about can also be affected. Popular and “easy” subjects are primed in a commercialized media market, according to earlier research. So by examine these issues, the study can relate the results to the theories and draw conclusions about how they may have affected the content.
The study does not examine material published on the web, so conclusions about the affection of the digitizing are harder to draw. But according to earlier research the digitizing also affects the content of the paper magazine.

The study is based on a quantitative content analysis. It examines one paper per month during the years 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013 and 2016. In total that is 108 numbers and 3522 articles.

The result shows that the frequency of opinion journalism overall has not increased. But the sports material has increased and the numbers of opinion articles are therefore higher. The opinion material is also more highlighted now and is more personalized with bigger bylines. The type of opinion material where the journalist plays a bigger role is also more common these days.
Popular sports such as football and ice hockey take big place among the opinion material and easy subjects such as accomplishment and conditions are more often written about than other subjects. So the increased commercialization seems to have an impact on the material.

The purpose of this study is to examine how the acquisition of the newspaper Värmlands Folkblad by their largest regional competitor affected the content of the news in Värmlands Folkblad. These effects are studied by examining the subjects, the places and the actants that are represented in the news, before and after the acquisition.

To further understand the situation, this study uses theories about diversity, market concentration, commercialization and how outer factors affect the news. These theories help to better understand the situation and how the media market is changing and how it might affect the content of the news. There is some earlier research in this subject area that is relevant to this study. There is not a conclusive answer on what market concentration does to the content of the news, some researchers claim that it in some ways can be good for diversity, other researchers disagree. This study adds to the already existing research and gives valuable contribution to the subject area.

The study uses a quantitative method of content analysis. 2574 articles were coded in three periods before and three periods after the acquisition. As a complement to the content analysis, several people with insight in the situation were interviewed. These people contributed with background information which helped to better understand the results from the content analysis.

The results of the content analysis show that there have been no significant changes to the content of the news in the studied newspaper. Some organizational changes have been made that can be connected to theories about how outer factors affect the content of the news. The largest change can be found in the sports editorial. Three sport reporters lost their jobs and some of the sport coverage is now made by the larger newspaper. Hence the biggest change in subjects and actants is found in the variables sports and athletes. However this change is not substantial and the most important results of this study is that there has not been any major change. Therefore the acquisition could be seen as successful as there is no big change to the diversity of the regional media market. It is important to keep in mind that the time frame for this study is quite limited, which means that we cannot make any conclusions about the long-term effects of this acquisition.

On October 1 2017 the citizens in the region of Catalonia held a referendum on independence from Spain, which was declared illegal by the Spanish government. On October 27 2017 the regional government of Catalonia declared independence. This made the Spanish government in Madrid activate article 155 in the national constitution, which gave them the power to set aside the regional government in Catalonia and take control over the region.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the framing of the independence movement in Catalonia during the fall of 2017 in three large news outlets in Sweden; Aftonbladet, SVT Nyheter and Dagens Nyheter. We investigated the prevalence of six generic frames described in previous research on framing of political events; attribution of responsibility, conflict, human interest, economic consequences, morality and game. We performed a random sample and applied a quantitative content analysis on 60 news stories published online. We also designed an assay to implement a qualitative text analysis based on previous research.

The main findings in this study show that, overall, the conflict frame was the most commonly used in the news published online by the three news outlets. It was closely followed by the attribution of responsibility, game, human interest, economic consequences and morality frames, respectively. The framing did not vary much between the different news outlets, and confirmed results in earlier studies. The most significant difference was found when the human interest frame was implemented. Previous studies showed that more sensationalist news outlets often times used the human interest frame to a larger extent than the more serious ones in political news stories. Our results implied the opposite in this case. Aftonbladet, which is a more sensationalist news outlet, used the human interest frame less than the more serious and sober news outlet Dagens Nyheter.

Based on the qualitative text analysis we found that the expression of some of the generic frames differed between the three news outlets. In the attribution of responsibility we found that the ex-regional president of Catalonia, Carles Puigdemont, was often times held responsible for the independence movement. In the conflict frame we found that the conflict was regularly expressed in the form of the management of the Spanish government, rather than the actions of the regional government of Catalonia.

When the automobile company Saab applied for bankruptcy in December 2011 three thousand workers lost their job and income. It was a big disaster for the Swedish town Trollhättan where the unemployment numbers doubled overnight.

The crisis and bankruptcy was big news in Sweden. This study’s purpose is to explore the portrayal of workers in media during this time using quantitative content analysis. A total selection of the images depicting Saab, published in the newspapers TTELA, Göteborgs-Posten and GT during December 2011, have been analyzed. The chosen newspapers all lie in the region of Västra Götaland where Saab is located.

With theories of framing and elite centralization the following questions have been answered and analyzed. Who are in the images depicting Saab’s bankruptcy? Is there a difference between how workers and elites are being photographed? What type of location are workers versus elites photographed in? Are workers versus elites active or passive in the pictures?

The results showed that a majority of people in the images depicting Saab were elites like the CEO, politicians and trustees, while only 20 percent were workers. Elites were more likely than workers to have their power strengthened by photo perspective and location. They were also shown as being more active through emotions and by being photographed while working.

For Swedes it is easy to feel national pride, at least when it comes to Eurovision Song Contest. The Swedish entry has won six times. Only Ireland has a better record. The success seems to interest Sweden since approximately three million of its inhabitants are watching the international music competition every year. With the years, the event has also grown to be a more popular topic in Swedish media coverage, especially
among tabloids. But how does the media report about this and what images are constructed through them?

In this bachelor thesis we examine how the Swedish tabloids, Aftonbladet and Expressen, report about ESC during two separate years. One year when the Swedish participant Loreen won the competition (2012) and another year when Anna Bergendahl failed to qualify to the final (2010). The purpose is to investigate whether frames, descriptions and forms of national identity vary depending on the result of the  competition.

In order to do this we have practiced qualitative comparative text analysis with theories such as framing theory, attribution theory and theories of national identity. By comparing the outer points of failure with success, we discover what is constant and inconstant in Eurovision coverage. In addition, we also compare our research material to previous research conclusions.

The main outcome of this study is that Swedish tabloids concentrate its articles to different themes that most likely relate to the result of competition. During Swedish success, the winning performer is highly acclaimed and the victory is explained by her personal attributes while Swedish failure is explained by external causes in relation to the performer.

Nationalist interpretations are frequently recurring and seem to stay unproblematized. After success the Swedish artist is seen as a national star with the possibility of an international career, which is considered desirable. During the year of defeat, however, the media tries to find identification with Swedish songwriters in other countries’ entries in order to maintain the self-image as a proficient country in music. A Swedish national identity is eminent in which Sweden is a nation of great musical competence – deserving to win and undeserving to lose.

In 2015, something extraordinary happens that has never happened before. The Swedish political party Moderaterna elect a female party leader for the first time in their political history. Anna Kinberg Batra becomes the new party leader who has to take over after the previous party leader Fredrik Reinfeldt. Her mission is to try to steer Moderaterna on the right course after the election loss in Sweden 2014, at the same time as Sweden is experiencing the greatest political crisis in
modern times, as of the December agreement.

Media has the ultimate power when it comes to creating and shaping the image of a party leader. One usually encounters with the party leader for the first time in media and it is by what you see in the media that you base your fact on whether you approve of the party leader or not. Therefore the images that media choose to feed their audience with become the foundations of how citizens perceive various party leaders.

The purpose of this thesis is to compare how Sweden’s four largest newspapers, Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet, Expressen and Aftonbladet chose to portray Anna Kinberg Batra and Fredrik Reinfeldt during their first year as the party leader for Moderaterna. This is a unique opportunity to
compare two party leaders who come from similar backgrounds and where the only difference is gender.

To answer our purpose, we have collected a material of 801 analytical units which we analyze in this thesis using a qualitative text and image analysis. By applying our theoretical framework, Body’s semiotics, Visual and Verbal Rhetoric, Framing as well as Gender theory to the analysis, allows us to answer the following questions;

– Are the party leaders presented differently from a semiotic interpretation perspective?

– Is the representation of the respective party leaders sex stereotypical, seen from a gender scientific perspective?

– How does the associated text affect the experience of the image and vice versa?

– Does the presentation differ depending on the newspaper’s political affiliation?

– What different interpretations of the political leaders during their first year, opens for theoretical discussion?

The results show that there is a difference in the portrayal of Anna Kinberg Batra and Fredrik Reinfeldt. However, the difference in the representation based on gender is not as big as we first believed, which brings us to the conclusion that gender and sex are not decisive in the preparation of the two party leaders.

What we can say is that it differs in how the newspapers have chosen to portray Anna Kinberg Batra and Fredrik Reinfeldt from a body semiotic interpretation perspective. Set to inclination and emotional mode, Fredrik Reinfeldt is somewhat more positive than Anna Kinberg Batra, who is primarily portrayed neutrally. We can also see that image and text affect each other and can also therefore theoretically affect the reader.

The political designation of the newspapers may in some cases be part of the portrayal of the party leaders. Evening papers tend to frame them both slightly more negatively than the morning papers. The distance in the picture is also a part of the portrayal, as we were able to interpret that Fredrik Reinfeldt is more often portrayed in a personal distance compared to Anna Kinberg Batra. In conclusion we can establish that the overall impression of image and text in a larger range is positive for Fredrik Reinfeldt than for Anna Kinberg Batra.