Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the underlying causes of whether young students (age 17-19) who study the program with a journalistic focus at a gymnasium level of education will or will not continue on with a journalistic career. These causes will explain the reasons and doubts that our interviewees hold, which will further indicate the ideas and preconceptions of active journalists that constitute the journalistic business field. This information is valuable for the purpose of trying to examine why Swedish professional journalists are proven to be a homogenous group.
A large amount of quantitative research shows that Swedish professional journalists are similar to each other in a remarkable number of categories. They tend to geographically situate themselves in the same areas, hold the same political views, share similar interests in leisure activities and they come from backgrounds of academic capital, culture and financial stability. Research has also found homogeneity among journalism students at Swedish Universities and Community Colleges. In order to contribute to this research we wished to establish if there are similar traits of homogeneity among students at a gymnasium level of education who have chosen a journalistic orientation in their study.
We created a semi-structured interview scheme through which we asked questions regarding the interviewees’ social background, free time activities, aspirations for the future, perception of journalists and the specific industry etc. The interviews were done in focus groups with three students in each group.
To aid in understanding the results we obtained from the interviews, we used sociologist Pierre Bourdieu’s theories on habitus, cultural capital, social age and conflicts between generations at the modern labor market. These theories were used to analyze why some students choose not to follow their original plan to become a journalist, what social traits seemed to be crucial in order to maintain belief in the possibility of entering the field and, surprisingly, why the profession was designated as outdated by the majority of the study’s participants.
What we can present from our research indicates a large variation of aspects that may add to the explanation as to why some social groups in society are absent from the journalism profession. Our research indicates trends and indicative results but not any generalizable conclusions. We can thus variegate the idea of the profession being exclusionary as our results show a limited interest in becoming a journalist. Modern titles that include a heavy emphasis on social media, such as PR-consultant or communicator, attract more attention than the more traditional role of a journalist.
Key words: homogeneity, habitus, cultural capital, professional identity, adolescence, gymnasium, representation
Nyckelord: homogenitet, habitus, kulturellt kapital, yrkesidentitet, ungdom, gymnasium, representation

Abstract
When crown princess Victoria of Sweden becomes queen, she will be the first to do so in accordance to the new (well it was implemented in the 1980’s) order of gender neutral succession. The royal family is under constant watch from the media, and especially so the regent. Newspapers, magazines, websites and tv-shows are all producers of material related to the royal family, which ranges from formal inaugurations to weddings and loose gossip. In the midst of all this is a public relations department within the royal court which serves to make sure that the royal family is correctly represented. This causes for an interesting dynamic in which information, and foremost, images of the members are shared to the world through both media and the royal court.
The information that is shared of the royal family has the potential to recreate and spread stereotypical gender roles as the institution of the court is one connected to tradition and history of patriarchy. This study focuses on the portrayal of royal women in media based on crown princess Victoria’s 2009 engagement to Daniel Westling. By analyzing two videos from the engagement: one produced by the royal court and one produced by news bureau TT, we attempt to discover how Victoria is portrayed in regards to her role as a future regent and that of a daughter and wife.
Our study finds that Victoria is portrayed as inferior to the participating men in the announcements, mostly to her father, the king, but also to her new husband, foremost due to shorter speaking time, and the order in which she speaks. We can also see that while the news bureau is more actively sending out a misrepresentation of gender to the public, the royal court are the ones creating the majority of the stereotypes and images by how they are
orchestrating the engagement.
Keywords: Monarchy, Women, Gender roles, Crown princess Victoria, Daniel Westling, Marriage, Engagement.

Abstract
Title: “Do we need to move now?” A qualitative content analysis of what
frightens and what calms children in the news report on terrorist attacks.
Author: Hanna Carlsson and Charlotte Dahlberg
Subject: Undergraduate research paper in Journalism studies, Dept. Of
Journalism, media and communication (JMG) Gothenburg University
Term: Autumn 2017
Supervisor: Gabriella Sandstig
Number of pages: 58
Purpose: The purpose of the study is to find out what frightens and calms
children when it comes to reporting on terrorist attacks.
Method: Qualitative analysis
Material: Transmissions from Lilla Aktuellt, Lilla Aktuellt Skola and Nyheter i
Barnradion. Also an article and a chronicle from Kamratposten.
Main Results: How news about terrorism is presented is important. When a terrorist act occurs geographically or culturally close to Sweden, the surveillance is often intensive and the focus is to quickly get information. In our work we have chosen to focus on reporting on terrorism attacks, as something that has come closer to Sweden in recent years and as late
as in spring in Stockholm when five people, one who was a child, died. We have chosen to specifically look at how terrorist attacks are reported for children. The purpose is to look at what in news reporting on terrorist acts made for children what scares and what creates security. We have focused on two terrorist attacks. The terror attack in Stockholm, April 7,
2017 and the Terror council in Paris between 13-14 November 2015. We chose to review Lilla Aktuellt (TV), Nyheter i Barnradion (Radio) and Kamratposten (Newspaper) to find material from the various media.
In order to operationalize our purpose, we asked four research questions: How is the event described? How are terror and terrorism described? How is identification and cultural community created through the news report on terrorist councils? Who and what sources can be heard – and in what way?
Lilla Aktuellt and Nyheter i Barnradion published about the same amount of scary and calming materials. However, Lilla Aktuellt was better at making follow-ups and calming at a later stage. The Kamratposten, which published one material during each terrorist council, could not therefore be compared to the other media. Through a qualitative analysis we found that the first broadcasts were always the most scary. Much information would be conveyed, but they did not take much time to explain concepts and create security. The broadcasts that followed then focused more on explaining, giving the feeling that everything would soon return to normal and that we would get stronger from this.
What both created the most fear and security was through identification with the children who spoke in the various media. Feeling the children worried was often a sense of fear while the children who were calm conveyed a feeling of security.
Keywords: Terror, Fear, Child, Security, Calm, Lilla Aktuellt, Nyheter i Barnradion, Kamratposten

Abstract
Title: “The kids of the street”- a discourse analysis about the reporting of the young people in
Nordstan.
Author: Nanna Nilsson, Hanna Dahlström och Johanna Sundquist
Subject: Undergraduate research paper in Journalism studies, Dept. Of Journalism, media and communication (JMG) Gothenburg University
Term: Autumn 2017 (2017-05-09)
Supervisor: Gabriella Sandstig, JMG Gothenburg
Keywords: Orientalism, Nordstan, immigrant youth in media, immigrants in media and critical discourse analysis.
The major objective of this study is to investigate the discourses and the construction of an “in”- and “outgroup” in the reporting of the young people in Nordstan in Swedish newspapers, and to study how media has depicted the young people. This has been done through a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) method, based on Berglez analysis schedule, together with our theoretical points of the construction of the “other”, framing, postcolonialism, orientalism and Frida Sandströms results of subject and object. To fulfil this aim, four questions were constructed:
1. What are the articles about?
2. What role are the youth given in the reporting?
3. How is an in- and outgroup constructed in the reporting?
4. What discourses dominate the news reporting?
We’ve sorted all articles covering Nordstan where young people were in focus during the period of 1st of June 2015 until the 15th of Mars 2017. The empirical part of this study was conducted in May 2017. After sorting out irrelevant articles for our phase, 112 articles remained.
We answered the first question using Berglez analysis schedule, element one and two, based on the 112 articles. We conclude that these articles contain five themes: “crimes”, “the youth situation”, “insecurity in Nordstan”, “politics” and “police work”. Question two, three and four were answered using the same method, based on twelve articles that were chosen through
a strategic selection. These articles were published during the period January 2016 to January 2017.
On the basis of the results of this research, we identified a number of trends in how the news depicted the youth – “quiet youngsters”, “detailed descriptions of the strangers”, “the problem”, “the group”, “ignoring the past” and “the authority”. We also identified that the youth are not the subject of the reporting and that an in- and outgroup were constructed in several ways in the reporting. Partly in how the text is built up, but also in how the articles
talked about the youth as strangers, who are not like us.
We essentially highlight three discourses. First, an authority discourse that revolves around the youth in Nordstan as an issue for the authorities to handle. Second – a discourse were the youth is seen as a problem that has consequences for both the police och the public. And third, a discourse in which the youth are talked about as strangers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate clickbaits as an example of how traditional news media is being commercialized through the movement to online news. The online media demands a more frequently updated material, which results in challenges for the news producers. Because of the large amount of online news, news producers who’s material is online-based need to find more innovative ways to attract their audience.

One of these ways is to create headlines that make the reader curious and prone to click their way into the article. Our study aimed to examine the frequency of these clickbaits on one of Sweden’s largest online-based media companies, Nyheter24. We wanted to see which articles were published with clickbaits and whether the clickbaits had coverage in the articles or not. Through a quantitative content analysis we examined 350 headlines with associated articles under nine news categories on Nyheter24’s webpage.

We used theories of commercialization of media and news values to be able to understand the results of our study. The results showed that 31 percent of the examined material could count as clickbaits, based on the definition which we had formed. The largest amount of clickbaits was discovered in the category revolving scientific research, where nearly 60 percent of the headlines were clickbaits. The least amount of clickbaits were found in the foreign news, where the result was only 8 percent.

The study also showed that a total of 18 percent of the headlines included reinforcing words and expressions which gave the article in question a higher news value. In the category Internet, 47 percent of the headlines included reinforcing words while only 2 percent were found in the headlines revolving scientific research. We found that many of the headlines spoke to the reader directly, often through personal appeals. 31 percent of the total amount of headlines were focused on the reader and 25 percent of the headlines revolved around a normal person, who had experienced something sensational. The study also examined the amount of coverage the headlines had in the articles and the results showed that 47 percent of the clickbaits had full coverage. 10 percent could count as having no coverage at all. Considering the results of this study, we found that the articles published with a clickbait had lower news value based on the traditional news value criterias.

Key words: News media commercialization, news value, clickbait, headline.

Nyckelord: Kommersialisering av nyhetsmedia, nyhetsvärdering, klickrubrik, rubrik.

On 22 April, 2013 the Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet carried a story that Russian military aircraft had practised simulated bomb attacks on Swedish targets, near Swedish airspace on the night of March 29. The Russian exercise was the first of a series of events, including the Russian annexation of Crimea, that preceded and may have influenced changes in Swedish public opinion toward Russia, that was increasingly viewed as a threat.
The purpose of this thesis is to examine how four Swedish newspapers, Svenska Dagbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen and Aftonbladet, reported about the Russian exercise. Especially with regards to how Sweden and Russia was depicted in reports.
The method used is Ethnographic Content Analysis. Every article on the Russian exercise published between 22–30 April has been included in the study. Results show that Russia was viewed as a threat, undergoing changes and becoming more ambitious. Comparisons to the Soviet Union were common. The lack of response of the Swedish air force to the exercise was depicted as insufficient and surprising. Demands for more resources to the military and for Swedish membership in NATO were commonly made. This is in accordance with the theory of David L. Altheide about the use of threats as a culturally unifying theme, and risks as justifying certain measures. It seems possible that reports on the Russian exercise helped shape an increasingly positive public attitudes towards NATO and increased military spending.
Keywords: Russia, military exercise, Ethnographic Content Analysis, Svenska Dagbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Expressen, Aftonbladet

The purpose of this study is to examine how much of the content that is local and regional in local newspapers, with the perspective of change over time. If differences are seen, the aim is to further investigate and see which section of the newspaper that is mostly affected. Five newspapers that are a part of the same media group are analysed two weeks (spring and fall) during three separate years. Before, shortly after and a longer time after becoming a part of the media group, to establish if it may influence on the content.
To measure the amount of local articles the study used a quantitative method.
The main question is operationalized with a variable that arranges articles in the correct municipal-, regional-, domestic- or foreign area based on the newspapers individual release area. The study also contained a variable that tells us in which part of the newspaper the article is located. Its main function is to better see if any of the sections are more local or regional than others.
To understand our data this article uses theories about democracy, diversity,
concentration, ownership and economy. These theories give us a solid base to understand why the changes are happening, but at the same time they help to understand what possible effects the change in local material may have on it’s surroundings.
The results are interpreted by looking at all our collected material, and see to
how much of it that is local at any given year. 13 127 articles where coded and in total, the local newspaper remains quite local. A different result is seen when looking at the newspapers one by one, whereas most of them are much less local then before.
Two out of the five local newspapers in this study are increasing their local agenda.
Overall the news section remains local, even though it’s allowed less space in
comparison to other sections. Further, the newspapers are becoming more and more regional. The sport-, culture- and entertainment section especially.
One big discovery is the fact that the newspapers are getting much thinner,
losing half of their material over a twenty year-period.
These results are, as far as we understand, results of economic contractions and short-term goals within the media group. With the given theoretical framework, our conclusion is that it has damaging effects on the local democracy, as the local newspaper are playing a big part in serving its audience with information to build their opinions on.
Keywords: Local media, democracy, media group, media economy, diversity

Title: “Inifrån åsiktsfabriken” – en kvalitativ studie av ledarjournalisters uppfattningar om sin yrkesroll
Authors: Noa Söderberg, Jonatan Andersson and Sebastian Lindström
Subject: Undergraduate research paper in journalism studies,
Department of journalism, media and communication (JMG), University of Gothenburg
Term: Spring 2017
Supervisor: Britt Börjesson, JMG, University of Gothenburg
Pages/words: 45 pages, 18 508 words (including abstract and appendix).
Purpose: The main purpose of this study is to examine how the editorial boards of Swedish newspapers perceive their professional role, their organizational procedures and their
professional goals and ideals.
Method: Qualitative in-depth interviews with seven Swedish editorial journalists, representing four newspapers.
Procedure: We have interviewed seven editorial journalists, representing the editorial boards of four different Swedish newspapers, and transcribed and analyzed them based on Jürgen Habermas democratic theories, Lars Nords theories about the future driving force of the editorial pages, and commercialization as Jesper Strömbäck and Anna Maria Jönsson have
described it.
Results: How the editorial boards choose their subjects, sources and angles are determined by a desire to be relevant and comment on issues within the news flow, to promote and be a
certain ideological voice and to write in a fashion that leads to more online reading and more clicks.
The editorial page editors are not interested in recruiting editorial writers that have become media personalities beforehand, but want to develop new writers into media personalities by themselves.
The professional ideals of the editorial journalists are partly based in a desire to form a deliberative discussion (as the one advocated by Jürgen Habermas), and partly in a participatory democratic desire to influence the public debate and the political climate.
Key words: Editorial journalism, editorial writers, deliberative democracy, Habermas, commercialization, Lars Nord, media personality

This study is a media analysis of the representation of adolescents in Swedish news media, undertaken during the spring 2017.
Theories about diversity and representation state that the media should reflect different groups of the society. As one of these groups young people have a right to be represented in the media. However, the idea is complex since they are at the same time considered a group that needs protection from harmful portraying.
The aim of this study is to examine the coverage of adolescents in the news content of the five largest newspapers in Sweden: Dagens Nyheter, Aftonbladet, Svenska Dagbladet, Expressen and Göteborgs-Posten. The study aims to find out how often underage teenagers (13-17 years) occur, in what context and how the image of adolescents is constructed in the material. This study was carried out using a quantitative content analysis and consisted of 1789 articles. These were published in the newspapers news content during 14 randomized days during the period January 31-April 2. To guide the study and analyze its results theories mainly about diversity, representation and news value have been used.
The results show that underage teenagers occur in 62 articles or 3.5 % of the material, while the group constitutes about 5.5 % of Sweden’s population. When they do occur they are rarely quoted or pictured. Out of the 62 articles where an adolescent occur they speak in 15 and appear in photos in 12 – making them fairly quiet and invisible. Of the entire material where we can expect at least one person being quoted underage teenagers are being quoted in 1.5 %. Looking at the context where adolescents are being portrayed, 64.5 % or 40 of 62 articles are news about crime and violence. Comparing to the entire material where crime and violence constitutes 25.5 % of the articles one can conclude that the group is overrepresented in the crime category. Most of the adolescents portrayed are either perpetrators or victims of crimes. The majority is men. The results show that the diversity of the group is lacking; the individuals are rarely attributed another sex than male or female, and there is little or no diversity when it comes to sexuality, religion or disability. The idea of diversity however is in direct conflict with the idea of the ethics of the press. Those guidelines suggest that these attributes should not be emphasized at all if it has no significance to the news story.
Key words: adolescence, teenagers, representation, diversity
Nyckelord: ungdom, tonåringar, representation, mångfald

The purpose of this study is to acquire knowledge of how much and in what way women, compared to men, are portrayed in Swedish self-produced conflict reporting. The aim is to investigate the quantitative representation of the sexes and to conclude to what extent men and women get to play
leading, subordinated or minor parts, and to what extent they get portrayed with stereotypical masculine and feminine attributes. This has been achieved by performing a quantitative content analysis on 334 articles and segments from Swedish press, radio and TV during the years 2011 to 2016. The dates were chosen by a simple random sample in order to form six weeks, seven days each per year since the Arab spring broke out in 2011. This specific period of time allowed us to get results that are representative of the global situation of today.
The study has been performed with a gender perspective. The questions asked to our empirical material, and the operationalization of the masculine and feminine attributes, have been formed on the basis of theories established mainly by gender researchers Cynthia Enloe, Monica Löfgren
Nilsson and Liesbet van Zoonen. This theoretical framework has allowed us to understand and analyze whether and to which extent the active, passive, hard and soft attributes are given to men or women in Swedish conflict reporting.
The findings of the study show that women in general are represented to a much less extent than men in Swedish conflict reporting. Men represent the absolute majority in all contexts investigated.
Only two out of ten people in the study’s empirical material were women. Looking exclusively at visual content, women are represented slightly more but the gender balance remains approximately the same. The study also concluded that women are scarce in expert roles and leading parts.
The results of the study confirm earlier research on conflict reporting both in Sweden and other countries, by showing that women are in the minority, are portrayed as victims and often only are present as a male appendage. Men appear more often in the empirical material with military focus,
and women more often with civilian focus. These analyzed results follow the established patterns of the study’s theoretical framework. Men are in the absolute majority regarding active roles and hard attributes, and women are, compared to men, more frequently portrayed in passive roles with
soft attributes.
Key words
Conflict reporting, women in conflict reporting, news subjects, gender, gender roles, masculine
and feminine attributes, gender representation, quantitative content analysis
Nyckelord
Konfliktrapportering, kvinnor i konfliktrapportering, nyhetssubjekt, genus, könsroller, maskulina
och feminina attribut, könsrepresentation, kvantitativ innehållsanalys