The purpose of this study was to investigate the representation in physical space of female sportswriters over a period of five years in the printed sports supplement of the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet. We also investigated if women tend to write more about women and if men tend to write more about men. Add to that if there were any sports that women or men tended to cover more than the other gender. And if there was any changes to this over the period of five years. To achieve this, a content analysis were made on 30 newspapers from the years 2014 and 2019.

The theories we used to analyze: homosocial reproduction, Melin-Higgins theories about survival at a newsdesk, the logic of gender with Hirdmans theories of the system of gender, van Zoonens theories about gender, the selection of news and the commercialization of the sport pages.

The results showed there were a connection between the gender of the journalist and the gender of the athlete. In 2014, 14% of the articles women wrote in Sportbladet were about a female athlete/team. But in 2019 that number was 41%. This shows that there is more articles about women in sports and more likely for women to write about that. There were also an higher percentage of articles by women in 2019 than 2014. The physical space for women was less, but the articles tend to be more on the pages that were in the beginning of the newspaper in 2019 when compared to 2014.

Regarding gender, we came to conclusion that in 2019 there is more articles about women athletes and teams compared to 2014. An addition to this is that women tend to write more about women and men tend to write more about men in the printed sports supplement of the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet.

Aim of thesis:​ The aim of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the differences between Swedish public service and commercial news media, within sports. The two units used in the analysis are the leading Swedish sport news programs Sportnytt (public service) and TV4-Sporten (commercial).

Theoretical framework:​ Sports journalism is something that is usually overlooked in academic studies as its often perceived to be less important than other areas of research. However, sport is something that has a big impact on society and plays an important role in a lot of people’s lives. The starting point of this study is that Sportnytt that is financed through tax money has a broader range of sports in their program when compared to the commercial TV4-Sporten. How the news evaluation and selection differ between the two programs and what possible reasons there are behind the evaluation in the respective programs are key questions within this study. Due to the traditional overrepresentation of men within sports, this study will also cover an equality perspective by conducting research on the frequency with which men and women appear on Sportnytt and TV4-sporten, respectively.

Methods:​ The chosen method for this study is a quantitative content analysis. The analysis is done with 13 different variables. Both news outlets broadcast their sport programs every day, Sportnytt 15 minutes and TV4-Sporten 10 minutes. Almost every broadcast on Mondays 2018 were analysed for this study.

Results:​ The results of the research correlated with our hypothesis. Sportnytt as a public service company did have a broader coverage of different sports, as well as a more equal coverage between male and female sports. The equality of those who were interviewed and shown in the programs were also more even on Sportnytt, compared to TV4-sporten. TV4-sporten on the other hand had a more equal percentage of male and females in the editorial staff, namely reporters and hosts. However, fundamentally the two program’s are arguably quite similar, with both showing mostly the same mainstream sports and events.

Aim of thesis: This study analyzes the difference in news framing and news selection of eight different cases of murdered women during the last ten years. Primarily we wanted to try to find a pattern between the women’s personal aspects of age, ethnicity, and relationship to their murderer. The content we analyzed came from the two largest Swedish tabloid newspapers, Aftonbladet and Expressen (which included Kvällsposten and GT). The time span that we chose was three and a half months from the date the women were confirmed dead and their names was made public.

Theoretical framework: The framing of these were analyzed based on two different types of previous research. The Ideal Victim by Nils Christie (1986, 2001) and Det individuella brottet by Marie Demker and Göran Duus-Otterström (2011), who studied the theory of including framing.

Methods(s): We chose to use a quantitative analysis to make this study applicable to a larger amount of articles. We continue by breaking down our previously mentioned theories to be able to create an index of the articles and thereby try to distinguish differences between the cases.

Results: The results we found was that all these cases differentiate in both framing and news selection. Women of Swedish ethnicity got more attention than those of other ethnicity but were not presented with the same victim status or by an individually type of news framing.

Women who previously had a relationship with their murderer did not get as much coverage as those whose murderers were unknown to them, nor did they get the same type of victim status or including victim framing.

There were also patterns between the victims age and news selection. Younger women received more individual framing due to their relatives and/or friends being heard more than the older women, and they also appeared in more pictures in the articles.

The research aim of this thesis is to describe how the #metoo movement and its actors are portrayed in the alternative right wing media sphere, focusing on the portrayals of gender. We have formulated our research questions as follows:

1. What has the reporting of #metoo looked like in alternative media?
2. How has gender been portrayed in right-wing media in connection with the #metoo reporting?

This thesis rests on theories of gender, particularly Yvonne Hirdmans definitions of gender, Simone de Beauvoir’s writings on “othering” and Raewyn Connells definition of masculinity as described in “Masculinities”. We will also more generally apply framing theory, and Kristoffer Holts ​Anti-systemness​ framework for defining alternative media.

This thesis uses qualitative method, critical discourse analysis to conduct the study. We have chosen 124 articles from the four most prominent alternative publications in Sweden. We first identified all articles covering #metoo in alternative media during the period 15th of October 2017 until the 15th of October 2019. After sorting out irrelevant articles for our study, 124 remained. We used Berglez blueprint intended for this method.

The most important findings are the prevalence of media criticism in these articles, and the way this trumps all other themes in the text. We also found a number of cases of stereotyping of women and men, and categorized these into multiple “themes”. The most prominent of these is the “Man in media” which is a powerful man in media that is described as worthy of being taken down through accusations of sexual assault within our analyzed material. The majority of our analyzed material portrays women as part of larger groups, most notably the #metoo-movement itself. Women rarely get to represent themselves, and a number of known sexist stereotypes also prevail in the texts. We also found quite a few texts reimagining the narrative around sexual assault as one centered around immigration, specifically critique of recent immigration, putting the blame for increases in rape statistics on immigrants.

Aim of thesis: The main purpose of this study is to investigate how Swedish publishers and journalists reporting on crime relate to and discuss media ethics in their daily work and how the digitalization has influenced their work. To fulfill this aim, four questions were constructed:
1. Does the digital media landscape create own ethical problems? How are these handled?
a) Regarding the methods of gathering material
b) Regarding the content and publication
2. What ethical problems signify the work of crime reporters?
a) Regarding the methods of gathering material
b) Regarding the content and publication
3. How do publishers discuss media ethics today?
4. What are the differences between different type of media regarding ethical problems
and the methods of gathering material? (Morning paper, evening paper and public service)

Theoretical framework: Media ethics, digitalization, commercialization.

Method: Qualitative in-depth interviews with Swedish criminal journalists and publishers. 18 interviews were transcribed and analyzed.

Results: The results of this study show that the main ethical problem is whether or not to publish names. The respondents also indicate that the digitalization has simplified their work in many ways. However, they also emphasize how the increasing pressure in the industry can affect the quality of their work negatively. This is due to the high publishing rate that is now industry standard because of recent digitalization.

Objectivity is a vital aspect of the journalistic profession, and a pillar within the code of conduct expected of journalists. Historically, the term first emerged in the United States, as a reaction to previous practises deemed biased and propagandistic in favor of political parties. While the applicability of the term has been under debate during recent years, as some would argue its inherent standards are impossible to reach for anyone, we would argue that it is still seen as a benchmark of journalistic professionalism. As such, the purpose of this bachelor thesis is to examine what outside factors could affect objectivity within sports journalism.

The paper, as well as the actual survey, is based on three independent theories all meant to serve as indicative factors that could affect the main theory, which is the theory of
objectivity. The underlying three is the theory of Soft and Hard news, where the thesis is that sports journalism’s lesser position within the hierarchy of journalistic genres could be a factor affecting the content produced. Furthermore, the commercialization-theory is used to examine how commercial interests, such as selling subscriptions and gathering “clicks”, could affect the sports-editor’s decision making regarding objectivity. Would less objective reporting be considered, if said reporting generated more revenue? Last but not least is the theory regarding sports-journalist’s dependence on sources, wherein the Social Exchange theory is used as a complement. Would a sports-editor consider less critical and objective reporting, if it meant that the relationship with a source was maintained?

The method used in this bachelor thesis is qualitative interviews. A total of nine interviews were conducted, during a week-long period, all with sports-editors of different papers. Eight out of nine were conducted within the workplace of each editor. One took place via Skype, due to logistical errors. A pre-established questionnaire was used in order to cover all of the aforementioned theories, thus functioning as a common basis in all interviews. However, due to the chosen method’s semi-structural nature, some follow-up questions differed. Sports-editor’s have extensive knowledge of the field as well as a substantial amount of experience, thus making them ideal interviewees in terms of our purpose.

While it would be dishonest to exhibit our results as conclusive, due to the chosen method’s inability to do so, certain findings were definetely interesting. For example, the results found that editors would sometimes, at the very least, halt publications in order to maintain a good relationship with a source. Furthermore, an increased focus on commercial interests resulted in a more narrow reporting, where sports and clubs that generate the most revenue are given the most attention. This in turn results in an increased dependency on said clubs as a source. The results also showed that a historically low status has led to an increase in objective and critical reporting, as editors could sometimes feel the need to assert themselves, thus contradicting our original thesis.

This is a study of how prostitution is portrayed in Swedish mainstream media. More specifically, a quantitative content analysis for the purpose of answering the question of who and what is given the space to define prostitution in four of the biggest newspapers in sweden.

The material that was studied was a total of 198 articles, almost evenly divided from the four newspapers. The main focus was on the 79 articles where our coding determined that prostitution was the main topic. The other 119 articles dealt with the topic of prostitution, but had other topics as their main focus. The period of time from which the articles were published ranged from January 1, 2019, to the end of November of 2019.

The results of the study showed a strong representation of the police and other representatives of the judiciary in swedish press. Furthermore there was a focus on the descriptions of problems that comes with prostitution, and the underlying causes for why it exists.

The results also showed a difference between tabloids and the other newspapers configuration of prostitution. Sexbuyers got more space then the prostitutes themselves. Prostitutes where still represented, but to a small extent.

The purpose of this quantitative study is to investigate if the news selection in established media and the social media platform Twitter differs from each other. Since more people than ever consume news on social media it’s relevant to study the eventual similarities and differences between the different platforms. With this as our background we aim to answer the following questions: What characterizes the most prioritized news in established media and social media in terms of news value criterias and news categories? Does Twitter in general rehash the same content as established media and to which extent does established media refer to Twitter?

We chose to base this study around two main research theories. The agenda setting theory and the theory of news value. The agenda setting theory is the main argument of ​why ​we made this study. The theory claims that the news we take part of from news media define our worldview. Therefore it’s important to investigate what kind of news that’s the most discussed on Twitter. The theory of news value is coherent since we want to measure what kind of prioritized news that established media and Twitter contains. We’ve used earlier studies about what factors make an event newsworthy. We applied those factors on today’s media climate and created variables based on them. The news stories we coded also got divided into fifteen different categories based on theme. For example politics, sports and culture.

The results showed that Twitter in general is rehashing the same content as established news media. However this study also shows that Twitter to some degree has its own agenda. There were some news that appeared in the Twitter trends that established media chose to dismiss. Furthermore the results showed that established media in our coding didn’t refer to Twitter once.

In the past, the reported research indicates that the reporting in the television medium, in the fields of sports, historically, has been dominated heavily by men, both as athletes and as journalists. In this way, television is creating a male norm and, therefore, it is important to measure the amount of time men and women receive in Swedish television (SVT) and TV4 sports news. The study explains how air time is divided between male and female athletes as well as which sports, male or female, get the most air time.

Moreover, this study, also, shows how much of the time respective sport receives. The sports are also categorized according to statistics from The National Sports Association (Riksidrottsförbundet) about the sports being masculine, feminine or neutral. In this way the study also shows the categories of sports that are given the most airtime. The theories that we have chosen for this study are ​news framing theory and gender theory. The reason is that they are relevant to answer the questions and explain why the broadcast time differs between male and female athletes.

To answer our questions we decided to use a quantitative content analysis. This method has been chosen because it is about to collect information and later answering the questions in the study. To analyse the sport news, a coding scheme was designed that had several different variables, including how long an athlete may be allowed to speak in order to get an answer to what the distribution looks like between male and female athletes.

The results show that male athletes get more air time than female athletes on both channels, despite the fact that Swedish television (SVT) has to be more equal in air time between gender. Moreover, the study indicates that male-dominated sports have more air time than female sports and is not representative according to the statistic from The National Sports Association (RF). Not even sports with gender equality has equal air time. In fact, female athletes dominated in these type of sports.

Aim of thesis: How is Greta Thunberg portrayed from a gender perspective from an unknown individual until today were she have iconic status – comparison between tabloid and daily press is made from an semiotic picture analysis.

Theoretical framework: With the theory of gender we can gain a deeper understanding of whether the images appear positive or negative for the woman’s role in the media. Media logic describes how the media thinks about a news​ occasion a​nd can explain why they did what they did.

Method: To study the images of Greta Thunberg, the choice ended up in a qualitative study. The focus of this study is to analyze and try to
understand what a number of images with its heading and caption convey from a semiotic perspective.

Results: Greta Thunberg is portrayed negatively from the start, diminishing from a gender perspective where she never gains power. This is
mainly clear in sample 1 and in both Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter.

A difference in both Selection 1 and 2 is how media use image and graphics in their publications and this is explained by the media logic.