Scientific evidence shows a connection between an increased frequency of intense natural disasters and man-made climate change. The purpose of this study is to see if – and to what extent – swedish press reports about climate change in their news coverage of natural disasters.

By doing a quantitative study of articles from Sweden’s four largest newspapers (Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet, Expressen and Aftonbladet) we want to see how frequently the printed press, as part of their purpose is to inform and educate the population, mentions climate change as a causal factor when reporting on natural disasters.

For the purpose of this study, we chose the disaster categories storms and tropical cyclones as we believe this gives us a wide selection of articles that cover disasters both domestically and internationally. We also wanted to see the development over time. Therefore this study covers a time period of 20 years, between 1 May 1999 and 1 May 2019. In total, our study is based on 894 news articles about storms and tropical cyclones.

The study is done from the basis of a number of theories in the journalistics research field, such as framing, gate-keeping and agenda setting theory, to name a few.

Among the results we can see that the mention of climate change is rare within news articles that report on storms and tropical cyclones. However, the articles that actually do mention climate change, tend to appear when there are a few days between the occurrence of the storm and the publication date of the article. Almost half of the articles that brought up climate change, where published four days or more after the storm.

We consider ourselves to be movie enthusiasts and both watch and read a lot of cinema. And since we share this interest in the motion pictures we spend a lot of time evaluating films we’ve seen and discussing films we’re about to see. And since time is the most precious aspect of life, if we decide to spend two hours in a movie theater we want it to be worthwhile. With this in mind we always take guidance from the people who supposedly would be the most eligible to tell us whether or not we should go see the film in question: The critics.

Even though film criticism is a subjective kind of journalism, we believe that there would have to be some sort of basic foundation on which the critics rely. That some aspects of the art form of the motion pictures always would be taken into accountability regardless of the critic and regardless of the paper for which he or she writes.

The purpose we had approaching this study was to determine how film critics write their reviews and what arguments they use when trying to convince the reader of agreeing with his or her opinion. We wanted to study how the critics discuss the films’ value and content, how they use rhetorical devices and how they differ. This we did by analyzing a total of 96 reviews divided on three Swedish media houses. We’ve established our study on the basis of the theory of doxa, the rhetorical tools ethos, pathos and logos, as well as genre theory and theory of content value.

Our main results include that the critics don’t actually differ that much in which arguments they use and how they compose their reviews. The rhetorical tool ethos – convincing by establishing a sense of affinity with the reader – was used in a vast majority of the reviews and there are strong similarities in which aspects of filmmaking they choose to discuss.

The purpose of this study was to investigate why Swedish sports journalists choose to report more about male sport than female sport. Studies have shown that the news selection in sports journalism is dominated by male sport and we found that this subject hadn’t been covered from a Swedish perspective. The aim of this study was therefore to map and specify the reasons behind the male dominated news selection in Swedish sports journalism. To achieve this, we created a survey that was sent out to eight Swedish sport publications. After receiving a total of 56 responses we started analyzing them through four determinants: the control fields, the environment at the newsdesk, gender and gatekeeping. The theories we used to analyze were: the theory about the control fields, Melin-Higgins theories about survival at a newsdesk and the gatekeeping theory.

The results showed that the control field of interest are a possible determinant in Swedish sports journalists news selection. A majority of the respondents answered that they weigh in their public’s interest in the news selection and that they find their public’s interest as male dominated. Here we also found that journalist at a commercial newsdesk rates the control field of interest as more important compared to the journalists at a non-commercial newsdesk.

Regarding gender as a determinant we came to the conclusion that the male sports journalist’s covers male sport in a larger scale than female sports journalist. The female respondents also answered that they find it more prestigious to cover male sport.

These were the only determinants we found relevant based on the results. Both the environment at the newsdesk and gatekeeping appeared to be irrelevant as determinants in our study.

Considering the results, we found that the control field of interest and gender appears to be two reasons behind the male dominated news selection in Swedish sports journalism.

The media and the way that media communicate with its readers have changed drastically over the last few decades. New technology has made it easier for readers and journalists to communicate with each other through social media and comment sections.

In this study we explore how the commentary sections live up to the criteria of deliberative democracy on Aftonbladets Facebook page. And specifically, as pointed out by researchers, the two most important criteria: rationality and objectivity. The purpose of the study is to see if the deliberative discussions maintain a high quality in the comment sections.

To do so we analyzed 3207 comments on Aftonbladets Facebook page on 140 uploaded articles, with different subjects such as sports, politics, migration etc. And the result showed us that the comments met the requirements for objectivity. It also showed us that the comments did not meet the requirements for rationality.

To further understand why the comments did or did not meet the requirements we decided to factor in gender, the subject of the article and the dispersion of the post in the equation to see if it plays a part on the outcome of the result. According to the result those factors do not play a part in whether the requirements are met or not. The only slight difference was between men and women when studying what their comments were about. Men tend to comment more about other comments/commentators and women tend to comment about the content in the news article.

We came to the conclusion that the requirements for objectivity might be slightly easier to achieve, since they don’t demand a lot from the commentator. While rationality may be harder to achieve because of the higher demands, since being rational requires thinking and logic.
We would also have liked to study other factors, such as: if the commentators were Swedish born/foreign born and also the commentators level of education. But these two factors are far more comprehensive and require a lot more time to study, which we did not have.

The intention of this analysis has been to investigate how the so called refugee crisis in the fall of 2015 was framed in news photos, in Swedish print media. Within this question at issue, the analysis has aspired to discover possible differences between the selected newspapers, and between different time periods during the fall of 2015. The end results are interpreted through the theories of framing, news values and orientalism.

The material that was analyzed consists of 218 news photos in Aftonbladet, and 254 news photos in Dagens Nyheter. Headlines, captions and preambles has also been included in the analysis, in order to interpret the photos from the perspective of the average reader.

The first step was to make a quantitative analysis of the total content. After analyzing the results, four typical cases were identified. These four news photos were then analyzed in depth, using the method of semiotic analysis. Accordingly, this analysis has taken both qualitative and quantitative factors into consideration.

The results show that refugees were the most common subject appearing in the photos, and politicians were the second most common. With this in mind, two issue specific framings could be identified in the analyzed material. The first one is referred to as “the framing of the otherness”, and the second one is called the “politician in professional context-frame”. In addition to this, several general framings were identified, such as the human interest frame, and the responsibility frame. Worth mentioning is that the latter of the two was more common in Aftonbladet than in Dagens Nyheter. The results also show that the attitude towards refugees in the content mostly was positive, but as time went by, it became more neutral. The attitude towards the refugee situation, however, was negative during all of the three months, but tended to be less negative in September.

One conclusion drawn, besides the framings mentioned above, is that refugees themselves has been the ones putting a face to the general situation. Previous research on journalistic text, radio and tv in Sweden during the refugee crisis has shown that refugees hasn’t been the most common main actor in the news. This suggests that refugees have been visible, but not as audible, in the Swedish news coverage of the events. The results points towards a few differences between the newspapers, but in some cases they were very similar to one another. For example regarding the attitude towards refugees and the refugee situation. Some general differences between the three months also was detected. In September, the attitude towards refugees tended to be more positive, which coincided with a more frequent news reporting, particularly in Aftonbladet.

This study is a content analysis of the Swedish news media reporting of the milk crisis during the years 2014 to 2016. The aim with this study is to examine how the milk crisis was reported in the five largest newspapers and the five largest local newspapers within the countys with the highest cow density. The five largest newspapers were Dagens Nyheter, Svenska Dagbladet, Göteborgs-Posten, Dagens Industri and Sydsvenskan. The local newspaper were Hallandsposten, Barometern, Kristianstadsbladet, Vestmanlands Läns Tidning and Östgöta Correspondenten.

The study aims to find out how often the newspapers reported about the milk crisis, how much space the crisis received, how the crisis was framed and which participants that dominated. To succeed with this aim four questions were constructed.

1. How often was the milk crisis reported about and how much space did the phenomenon receive?
2. How was the milk crisis framed?
3. Which participants dominated the milk crisis?
4. How were the dairy farmers described?

The aim and questions have been answered using a quantitative content analysis together with theories about news selection, agenda setting, news frame and framing. Earlier research have also been used to support the result of the study, mainly the rural research. There was a total selection made of the articles during the time period 2014 to 2016 in the selected newspapers that contained the words “milk crisis”, “the milk crisis” or “milk + crisis”. The total material was 189 articles.

The result shows that the newspaper wrote the most about the milk crisis during 2015. Of all the articles 57 % were portrayed negative, with the peak from july to december 2015. The articles did not use cases often, only in 24 % of the articles. When the articles did use cases the majority was dairy farmers. The local newspapers used dairy farmers more frequently than the largest newspapers. The results shows that the most occuring participant was organizations and companies, both for the local newspapers and the largest newspapers.
They occured in 63 % of the articles. However, the politicians received the most space in the articles through quotes and references despite the fact that they did not occur as often. It also shows that the majority of the headlines did not mention the dairy farmers at all. In the introduction and body of text the local newspapers wrote dairy farmers more frequently than the largest newspapers while the largest newspapers wrote farmer more frequently.

This bachelor essay seeks to examine the frequency of opinion journalism in the sport pages of the Swedish evening paper Aftonbladet. During the period that is examined these sport pages become an own annex and is then called Sportbladet.
It is based on five issues:

• Has the frequency of opinion journalism changed in the sport pages of Aftonbladet/Sportbladet in comparison to the non-opinion journalism? And if so, how?
• Has the launch of Sportbladet as an own annex, in May 2000, affected the frequency of opinion journalism in comparison to the non-opinion journalism? And if so, how?
• Has personalization increased in the sport pages of Aftonbladet/Sportbladet?
• Have there been any changes regarding which sports opinion journalism within sport takes up? And if so, which ones?
• Have there been any changes regarding which subjects opinion journalism within sport takes up? And if so, which ones?

Former research shows personalization, commercialization and digitizing affects journalism in different ways. Increased commercialization makes private media companies aim for economic gain bigger. That in turn has an impact on the content. For example different journalists can be used in the marketing of the paper. The readers can get favorites among the writers. This interrelates with the personalization. Which subjects that are written about can also be affected. Popular and “easy” subjects are primed in a commercialized media market, according to earlier research. So by examine these issues, the study can relate the results to the theories and draw conclusions about how they may have affected the content.
The study does not examine material published on the web, so conclusions about the affection of the digitizing are harder to draw. But according to earlier research the digitizing also affects the content of the paper magazine.

The study is based on a quantitative content analysis. It examines one paper per month during the years 1992, 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004, 2007, 2010, 2013 and 2016. In total that is 108 numbers and 3522 articles.

The result shows that the frequency of opinion journalism overall has not increased. But the sports material has increased and the numbers of opinion articles are therefore higher. The opinion material is also more highlighted now and is more personalized with bigger bylines. The type of opinion material where the journalist plays a bigger role is also more common these days.
Popular sports such as football and ice hockey take big place among the opinion material and easy subjects such as accomplishment and conditions are more often written about than other subjects. So the increased commercialization seems to have an impact on the material.